Eugenol (ACROS Organics; 99% pure; CAS 97-53-0) was the stimulus of interest. Furthermore, it may not be possible to depend on published results, unless the method of stimulation is exactly the same. This is a very useful tool for interpreting IR spectra: Only alkenes and aromatics show a C–H stretch slightly higher than 3000 cm-1. 2 Names and Identifiers Expand this section. If eugenol does in fact stimulate the trigeminal nerve but desensitizes the mucosa over the course of an experimental session, then subjects should be able to lateralize in a single trial. Relative to an expected value of 5.5 (chance level), lateralization scores for the group reached significance, χ2(9) = 40.82, P < 0.001. Eugenol acetate. Compounds that cannot be lateralized, or that anosmics cannot detect, have been used as “pure olfactory” or “nontrigeminal” stimuli in experiments.
2007). Contents. 2001; Suzuki et al. The purity of the eugenol was verified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to ensure that lateralization performance was unlikely to be influenced by trace contaminants. Upon receiving the pair of bottles, the subject inserted the Teflon nosepieces into each nostril and sniffed (the side of the nose receiving the odorant was randomized throughout testing). Importantly, many of the subjects contributed lateralization thresholds in other experiments using other compounds, for example, acetic acid, acetone, butanol, and menthol. In the nose, mouth, eyes, and other facial areas, the trigeminal system detects chemicals using the more widely distributed free endings of the fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve, though other systems could also be involved (Tizzano et al. More... Molecular Weight: 206.24 g/mol. (2005). Details of the correlation between IR patterns in these two regions and ring substitution are available in the literature references linked in the left frame (especially the books by Shriner and Fuson, Silverstein et.
Two identical sets for each odorant were used to allow the headspace to regenerate between trials.
It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The current experiments studied nasal lateralization of eugenol more thoroughly, using 3 different experimental methods. However, eugenol has long been used as local anesthetic in dentistry ( Lee et al.
Lateralization thresholds were always obtained for each individual. To date, vanillin vapor has not been reported to elicit a trigeminal response (Doty et al. Their ages ranged from 22 to 39 (mean ± standard deviation [SD] = 30 ± 10.4), and all signed informed consent approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board. Olfactory Deprivation and Enrichment: An Identity of Opposites?
In another block of 11 trials, subjects attempted to lateralize menthol. However, because differences in stimulus appearance between menthol crystals and sea salt could not be completely eliminated with the use of amber bottles, subjects were blindfolded, and experimenters held the bottles for subjects while they held on to the nosepiece and sniffed. Several methods can determine whether people feel volatile compounds, thus enabling an experimental isolation of the olfactory system. IR (infrared) spectroscopy is useful in organic chemistry because it enables you to identify different functional groups. In 1 block of 11 trials, subjects attempted to lateralize eugenol. 2005; Frasnelli, Hummel, et al. Regarding isolation of the trigeminal system, to the best of our knowledge, no nontoxic compound exists that activates the trigeminal system in isolation. The set of bottles that was presented first on each trial was determined randomly; however, all individuals received the same sequence. 2005). This tube allowed external air to enter the bottle as the subject sniffed the headspace through the nosepiece. Of course, to conclude that an odor cannot be lateralized is to accept a null hypothesis.
After removing the nosepieces, the subject indicated whether the stimulus had been presented to the left or to the right nostril. Unlike the ODT trials, each lateralization trial required that the subject sniff only from a single pair of bottles; one bottle was a blank and the other contained eugenol.
2007). Number of correct lateralization trails for each individual and each odor. However, Experiments 2 and 3 provide clear evidence that eugenol also produces intranasal irritation via the trigeminal system. The distinction may often be unimportant in our everyday perception of fragrances or aromas, but it can matter in experiments that purport to isolate olfactory processes or study the interaction between olfaction and chemesthesis. If an incorrect answer was provided, the concentration was increased by 1 dilution step (another potential reversal point). Overall, acute toxic effect of eugenol in mammals is low, and the US Environmental Protection Agency has classified eugenol as category 3; the oral LD 50 value is >1930 mg kg −1 in rodents.
For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com, Clinical Science in the Chemical Senses: Mechanisms, Perception, Behaviors, and Disorders, Enhanced odorant localization abilities in congenitally blind but not in late-blind individuals, The influence of cognitive parameters on olfactory assessment in healthy children and adolescents.
Regardless, one should keep in mind that compounds that produce no clear irritation at room temperature may do so when vapor-phase concentration is increased by heating, although this does not occur for vanillin (Cometto-Muñiz et al.
(carbons with 4 different groups attached to it) What are functional groups in a ketose sugar? Researchers turn to a small pool of compounds that are believed to be “pure olfactory” stimuli with little or no trigeminal impact. In a recent study in which normosmics were unable to lateralize eugenol, concentrations were not provided (Porter et al. T ` In studies of human chemical communication, the odors of chemicals produced by the human body have been masked with eugenol (Lundström, Goncalves, et al. 2011). 2009 ). The current report reexamines one such commonly used compound, namely eugenol, a flavor and fragrance ingredient that has anesthetic properties under some conditions. In contrast to the odor thresholds, the staircase method failed to yield valid lateralization thresholds. Methods of stimulus presentation matched those for Experiments 1 and 2 for the most part. 2011).
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