Hamner L , Singh SK. Increasingly, outbreak investigations are providing insights into the risk of transmission in different settings. The remaining articles were assessed for potential inclusion where studies with unclear reporting were excluded. , Ye C Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Even if the whole group in question is susceptible, x is generally smaller than the basic reproduction number for the disease. , Saha S After initial screening of 326 articles, 13 eligible studies were included in the final evidence synthesis. 2. Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. , et al. For sexually transmitted infections, large scale studies of sexual behaviour have been set up to estimate the contact rate. Studies were explored for reporting of granular data regarding determinants of SAR and were combined if the data were found appropriate and adequate. On average, a COVID-19 case infected 0.48 (95% CI: 0.39-0.58) close contacts. Drawing on data from nine recent reports of secondary transmission associated with a specific event such as a meal or holiday visit (, If transmission is stratified by contacts within and outside of the household, the relationship between R. Detecting human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1). , Dubbel P Sun WW , Clausen J It is a key epidemiologic parameter in infectious diseases that are transmitted by contact. Privacy Policy   Terms and Conditions, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. , Younis K Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review. If you have previously obtained access with your personal account, please log in. , Wang W Chakrabarti SS , Li M , Li Q Spouses and elderly population evidently emerged as one of the most susceptible groups for secondary transmission, and the difference in SAR of these groups with other family members was statistically significant.16,22 Odds of SAR was almost three times higher (∼13–15) in population ageing >60 years as compared to their younger counterparts (<20 years), where odd was nearly 5. A large household SAR further suggests that between-household transmission risk is lower; otherwise the observed R0 would be larger, (2) Quarantining of index cases reduced SAR from 16.9 to 0%, (3) Spouses of index cases are at higher risk of developing SAR, Household contact of asymptomatic cases did not develop SAR, (1) Family secondary attack rate for subsequent cases and asymptomatic infected cases is 31.61 and 43.20%, respectively, (2) The family secondary attack rate of the spouses of the family index cases is 63.87%, is higher than that of their children (30.53%), parents (28.37%), and other family members (20.93%), the difference was statistically significant, Copyright © 2020 Association of Physicians of Great Britain and Ireland. One incubation period later, 17 persons in the same households as these “primary” cases developed shigellosis. As the pandemic first affected China and infected others eventually, majority of the studies (57%) were reported from various parts of China followed by Korea. The household contacts included in the present review are defined as individuals sharing the same living address with the positive cases. Household transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Taiwan. Overall, 32.5% of households with an index case had secondary transmission and spouses and adults were at … All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. , Zhang XC Browse other articles of this reference work: The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. This could be possibly due to their active involvement in the care taking activities of the cases that may have resulted into prolonged very close physical contact with the index cases and hence longer exposure to the virus.25,26 It is known that old age and comorbid conditions are independent risk factors of COVID-19 infections and hence it explains higher transmission rate in elderly in household SAR as well.27–30 This resulted in higher fatality rate in elderly as well.8,31–35 It was found that SARs in asymptomatic contacts were significantly lower than the household contacts of the symptomatic cases, where time for symptom onset in index case did not alter the rate of secondary transmission in contacts.23 Li et al.22 showed that the median time from symptom onset in index cases to symptom onset in household contacts was 6 days, though it varied somewhat from study to study. pdf files, Recommend Lancet journals to your librarian. , Zeng XT This work was supported by grants from the U.S. National Institute of Health (R01 AI139761 and R01 AI116770), the Science and Technology Plan Project of Guangzhou (201804010121), the Project for Key Medicine Discipline Construction of Guangzhou Municipality (2017-2019-04), and the Key research and development program of China (2019YFC1200604).

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