what is intelligence in psychology

The main feature of intelligence is the ability to use convergent thinking (i.e., putting different ideas or information together based on what they each have in common when trying to solve a problem), and this is something that can be tested for by using intelligence tests. 9 "Types of Intelligence: What Does It Mean To Be Smart?" They may, however, become easily distracted by distractions in their environment, and so usually appreciate a quiet place when they are trying to study. Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily-kinesthetic intelligences). {"email":"Email address invalid","url":"Website address invalid","required":"Required field missing"}, What is Intelligence? (2003). And that’s because there are many competing doctrines in the field of psychology.. It’s helpful to think of psychology as the trunk of a … After Galton’s work, two French scientists named Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon devised a new way to measure intelligence called the “Binet-Simon Scale”. Rudyard Kipling’s poem The White Man’s Burden (1902) begins with the lines: Take up the White Man’s burden–/ Send forth the best ye breed–/ Go bind your sons to exile/ To serve your captives’ need;/ To wait in heavy harness/ On fluttered folk and wild–/ Your new-caught, sullen peoples,/ Half-devil and half-child. Humans are incredibly intelligent beings and we rely on our intellectual abilities every day. In general, mental age should rise as a person grows older. Even the most important theories regarding intelligence, including Gardener’s nine types of intelligence, has been disputed by the world’s big names in psychology. We Westerners tend to think of intelligence in terms of analytical skills. Although these tests are generally reliable and valid tools, they do have their flaws as they lack cultural specificity and can evoke stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies. Some groups of psychologists have suggested the following definitions: From here, it becomes all too easy to conclude that, the better you are at reasoning, the worthier you are of personhood and its rights and privileges. Immanuel Kant most memorably made the connection between reasoning and moral standing, arguing (in simple terms) that, by virtue of their ability to reason, human beings ought to be treated, not as means to an end, but only ever as ends-in-themselves. By the Collins English Dictionary, intelligence is ‘the ability to think, reason, and understand instead of doing things automatically or by instinct’. Ability to use numbers to quickly computer answers to problems. In 1990, Peter Salovey and John Mayer published the seminal paper on emotional intelligence, and EI quickly became all the rage. How much is intelligence determined by our childhood environment vs. our genetics? Let’s get started. After examining the popular competing theories of intelligence, it becomes clear that there are many different forms of this seemingly simple concept. In an attempt to create a more useful and stable way of measuring intelligence, the German psychologist William Stern created a ratio based on the comparison of mental age and chronological age. Intelligence can be defined as “the global ability of an individual to think clearly and to function effectively in the environment“. Crystallized intelligence refers to the use of previously-acquired knowledge, such as specific facts learned in school or specific motor skills or muscle memory (Cattell, 1963). is the best predictor of job performance. The seven primary mental abilities in Thurstone's model are verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, perceptual speed, memory, and inductive reasoning (Thurstone, as cited in Sternberg, 2003). The second definition infers that intelligence is a measure of potential success throughout a community. According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical (Sternberg, 1985). “Global” means that a person’s intelligence affects many areas of their life. Reliability and practice effects of WISC-R IQ estimates in a normal population. ), and know how to manage your emotions (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). British psychologist Charles Spearman believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared Thomson, G. (1947). Okagaki, L., & Sternberg, R. J. Intelligence can be defined as “ the global ability of an individual to think clearly and to function effectively in the environment “. Brief interview with Prof. Steele, whose research first identified the stereotype threat effect on acheivement gaps. If you didn’t agree with your SATs, you now know who to blame. But what if you have learned how to solve the test before? (1966). It is important to note however, that although a person is likely to be intelligent in two or more categories, they will have an overall dominant intelligence in one particular category. Heidelber Kalat, J.W. For example, in a 1921 symposium the American psychologists Lewis Terman and Edward L. Thorndike differed over the definition of intelligence, Terman stressing the ability to think abstractly and Thorndike emphasizing learning and the ability to give good responses to questions. One is a doctor, and the other is a car salesman. Being spiritual is also not uncommon for such people. Although Thurstone did not reject Spearman’s idea of general intelligence altogether, he instead theorized that intelligence consists of both general ability and a number of specific abilities, paving the way for future research that examined the different forms of intelligence. It is currently in its fourth edition (WISC-V) released in 2014 by Pearson. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 9(3):185–211. Both verbal and nonverbal responses are measured. We can easily think of counter examples of people of lower educational levels who do not respect public intellectuals but who do maintain sexist or racist attitudes. We can maintain a different moral system simultaneously. -Edwin Boring (1923) This is far less cynical than it seems. This illustrates some of the ways in which different forms of intelligence overlap and interact with one another, revealing its dynamic nature. One of the major advantages of the Wechsler Scales, is that unlike the Stanford-Binet test which only measured a person’s general level of intelligence, the Wechsler Scales measured different types of intelligence. The results of this study revealed that in the stereotype threat condition, Blacks performed worse than Whites, but in the no stereotype threat condition, Blacks and Whites performed equally well (Steele & Aronson, 1995). In the 1930s, a researcher by the name of Louis Thurstone created a factor analysis of intelligence which allowed for sets of data to be analyzed for trends.

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