Terpene hydrocarbons in the plant have also been described.17, Anise has been evaluated for its antimicrobial action against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.18 The anethole constituent also inhibited growth of mycotoxin-producing Aspergillus in culture.1 Anise is used in dentifrices as an antiseptic and in lozenges and cough preparations for its weak antibacterial effects.1, 4 One report testing aromatic waters (including anise) on the growth and survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been published.19, Larvicidal activity has been reported.20 Anise oil, when mixed with sassafras oil, is used as an insecticide.5 Applied externally, the oil has been used to treat lice and scabies.2, A combination preparation of coconut and anise was reported to be superior to permethrin 0.43% in the treatment of head lice.20, The pharmacological effects of anise are caused mainly by anethole, which has structural similarities to catecholamines (eg, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine).15 Sympathomimetic-type effects have been attributed to anethole in at least one report.21 A study in rodents failed to demonstrate anxiolytic activity for aqueous Pimpinella seed extract; however, some activity related to learning was reported.22, Anise oil was reported to prolong the latency and reduce the amplitude and duration of induced seizures in rats.23, Antidepressant activity has been reported for both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum fruit in mice.24 Increased analgesic effects of codeine and benzodiazepine on motor impairment have been observed in mice, and decreased antidepressant effects of imipramine and fluoxetine have also been observed with aniseed essential oil pretreatment.25, Anise is well known as a carminative and an expectorant. To proceed cautiously, it’s a good idea to check the source of the star anise you’re purchasing to ensure it’s purely the Chinese variety. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product. Some agricultural research has found that trans-anethole derived from star anise may inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi in certain edible crops (9). No percutaneous absorption of the oil through mouse skin occurred within 2 hours.41 The oral LD50 of anethole is 2,090 mg/kg in rats; rats fed a diet containing anethole 0.25% for 1 year showed no adverse effects, while those receiving anethole 1% for 15 weeks had microscopic changes in hepatocytes.4, The cis-isomer of anethole is 15 to 38 times more toxic to animals than the trans-isomer.1, 4 Ingestion of the oil in doses as small as 1 mL may result in pulmonary edema, vomiting, and seizures.42 The estrogenic activity of anethole and its dimers may alter hormone therapy (eg, oral contraceptives).43.

Additionally, there have been case reports of severe, potentially fatal reactions to star anise in infants (16).

It is sold as a spice, and the seeds are used as a breath freshener.4 The essential oil is used medicinally as well as in perfume, soaps, and sachets.1, 5, A review of the constituents and properties of P. anisum has been published.6, Examination of the mycoflora of anise seed resulted in the isolation of 15 fungal genera, 78 species, and 6 varieties, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Rhizopus.7 Naturally occurring mycotoxins were also present in thin-layer chromatography analysis of anise spice extract.8 Gamma irradiation has inhibited mold growth on anise in humid conditions.9, Anise oil (1% to 4%) is obtained by steam distillation of the dried fruits of the herb. If you’ve never used this spice in your culinary pursuits before, keep in mind that a little goes a long way. Anise has historically been used as a spice and fragrance. Its powerful bioactive compounds may help treat several fungal, bacterial and viral infections.

At this time, most research on the antibacterial properties of star anise is limited to animal and test-tube studies. Menopausal symptoms: Capsules containing P. anisum 330 mg taken 3 times daily for 4 weeks has been used for treatment of menopausal symptoms.

Increased analgesic effects of codeine and benzodiazepine on motor impairment have been observed in mice, and decreased antidepressant effects of imipramine and fluoxetine have also been observed with aniseed essential oil pretreatment.25 Similarly, a pharmacokinetic interaction with acetaminophen and caffeine has been reported in rodents.40, According to the Complete German Commission E Monographs, adverse effects of anise include occasional allergic reactions of the skin, respiratory tract, and GI tract.3 When applied to human skin in a 2% concentration in petrolatum base, anise oil produced no dermatological reactions. Star anise is a spice made from the fruit of the Chinese evergreen tree Illicium verum. Japanese star anise is known to contain potent neurotoxins that can lead to serious physical symptoms, including seizures, hallucinations and nausea (15). Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Star anise has a distinct licorice flavor that can enhance a variety of dishes. Available for Android and iOS devices. This compound is responsible for the spice’s distinct flavor and offers potent antifungal benefits.

Test-tube studies have also shown that bioactive compounds in star anise may be effective in treating urinary tract infections caused by different bacteria (12).

The plant reaches up to 0.75 metres (2.5 feet) tall. An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away — Fact or Fiction.

The highest-quality oils result from anise seeds of ripe umbels in the center of the plant.10 A major component of the oil is trans-anethole (75% to 90%), which is responsible for the characteristic taste and smell, as well as the medicinal properties of anise.3, 5, 11 The cis-isomer is 15 to 38 times more toxic than the trans-isomer.4 Spectrophotometric determination of anethole in anise oil has been performed.12, The volatile oil also has related compounds that include estragole (methyl chavicol 1% to 2%), anise ketone (p-methoxyphenylacetone), and beta=caryophyllene.

It has been cultivated in Egypt for at least 4,000 years; records of its use as a diuretic and treatment for digestive problems and toothaches exist in medical texts from this era.
Many delicious ingredients are also exceptionally healthy. Some research has revealed that star anise extract is as effective as antibiotics against multiple drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria.

It makes a soothing herbal tea and has been used medicinally from prehistoric times.

This may be particularly useful for future development of new antibiotic medications (11).

Anise, annual herb of the parsley family (Apiaceae), cultivated chiefly for its dry fruits, called aniseed, the flavor of which resembles that of licorice. Anise is an annual herb that grows 0.3 to 0.6 m in height and is widely cultivated throughout the world.1 The flowers are yellow and grow in compound umbels.

However, there have been few reports of allergic reactions (14).

By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Here are the…, Essential oils are claimed to offer many health benefits. Our latest podcast episode features popular TED speaker Mara Mintzer. Use in amounts exceeding those found in food is not recommended in pregnancy. The leaves are feather-shaped. Ancient Greek writings describe anise use to help with breathing, relieve pain, stimulate urination, and ease thirst.2 The essential oil has been used commercially since the 1800s. Select one or more newsletters to continue. If you’re not 100% certain of the source or purity, it may also be good practice not to use too much at once in order to avoid accidental intoxication. The leaves near the base are long-stalked and simple, whereas the leaves along the stem are compound with shorter stalks. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Star anise has been useful in the medical realm for treating a variety of fungal, bacterial and viral infections. What Are Essential Oils, and Do They Work? Its small yellowish white flowers form loose umbels. A decrease in scores for abdominal discomfort or pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, and other symptoms was reported.28 In another trial, the same researchers also reported improvements in depression with anise oil treatment in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.29, Anise has promoted iron absorption in rats, suggesting possible use as a preventative agent in iron deficiency anemia.30, P. anisum has been evaluated in a trial of peri- and postmenopausal women, with positive findings reported for menopausal symptoms (ie, hot flashes).31, 32, A study of morphine-dependent mice demonstrated a reduction in severity of withdrawal symptoms with ethanolic extracts of anise.33, P. anisum may have nephroprotective effects; an ethanolic extract given orally to Wistar rats decreased tubule damage from gentamycin, and an aqueous extract lessened markers of damage in rats treated with lead acetate.34, 35, Topical application of the constituent bergapten, in combination with ultraviolet light, has been used in psoriasis treatment.15, As a skin penetration enhancer, anise oil has little activity compared with eucalyptus and other oils,36 and anise-based bioadhesive gels have been evaluated as a method of drug delivery.37, GI disorders: In limited clinical studies, anise 3 g powder taken after each meal (3 times per day) for 4 weeks has been studied in the treatment of dyspepsia.26, Menopausal symptoms: Capsules containing P. anisum 330 mg taken 3 times daily for 4 weeks have been used for treatment of menopausal symptoms (ie, hot flashes).32, Anise is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used at levels found in food.38 Aniseed is a reputed abortifacient. Clinical data are lacking to support the wide-ranging traditional uses for anise; limited studies have been conducted in disorders of the GI tract and in menopause. In traditional Chinese and folk medicine practices, star anise is steeped in water to make a tea used to treat respiratory infections, nausea, constipation and other digestive issues. Star anise is famed not only for its distinct flavor and culinary applications but also for its medicinal benefits. Native to Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean region, anise is cultivated in southern Europe, southern Russia, the Middle East, North Africa, Pakistan, China, Chile, Mexico, and the United States. It’s aptly named for the star-shaped pods from which the spice seeds are harvested and has a flavor that is reminiscent of licorice. Test-tube research indicates that other bioactive compounds found in star anise essential oil, like terpene linalool, may suppress biofilm and cell wall formation of infectious fungi in humans (10). To ensure the purity of the spice you’re buying, always double-check its source to avoid accidental intoxication. Learn about which foods have the most polyphenols. Quality-of-life scores were reported to be higher in the treatment group compared with placebo.26, 27, Anise oil was compared with peppermint oil in a clinical trial of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only.

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